Dec 01, 2024 – Third Day of INEB International Conference, Venerable Pomnyun Sunim’s Keynote Speech
Hello. Today is the third day of the INEB (International Network of Engaged Buddhists) International Conference in Chennai, India. After concluding the conference with Sunim’s keynote speech, he moved to Bangladesh to deliver 6.36 million bars of soap to the Rohingya refugee camp.
After completing his morning practice and meditation, Sunim had breakfast at his accommodation at 7:40 AM and headed to the St. Thomas International Pilgrimage Centre in Chennai, the venue for the INEB International Conference, to deliver the keynote speech at the public symposium.
The public symposium began shortly after 9 AM. The opening ceremony was held amid the sound of flute music.
Venerable Pomnyun Sunim, an advisor to INEB, Harsha, the chairman of INEB, and Gautam, a board member of INEB India, came to the front of the stage and lit candles.
Next, Gautam, a board member of INEB India, gave a welcome speech. Given that the conference theme focuses on Buddhist heritage and inclusivity, Gautam’s ideas significantly influenced the event planning.
“The theme of this conference is Buddhist heritage and inclusivity. Buddhism shows the path to enlightenment and awakening through values that include all people. South India has continuously strived for the revival of Buddhism and inclusive values. This event has become a forum for comprehensive discussions encompassing archaeology, community, and climate issues.
I also express my deep gratitude to Venerable Pomnyun Sunim. His presence gives me great strength. ‘Abhaya-dana’ (fearlessness) in Buddhism is one of the greatest merits, and I sincerely thank you for giving us the courage to move forward.”
Next, Chairman Harsha gave a greeting on behalf of INEB.
“Sri Lanka has been deeply connected with India religiously and culturally for over 2,500 years. An inclusive society respects differences in race, gender, class, and tradition, and maximizes the talents and potential of all members of society. I am dedicated to creating an inclusive society through peace and reconciliation. I felt hope seeing many young people actively participating in this conference.”
Then, on behalf of the INEB executive board, Chairman Harsha presented a Buddha statue to Gautam, representing the event organizers.
After the gift presentation, Sunim gave the keynote speech on the theme of the public symposium. The topic was “Tracing the Roots of Compassion and Equity through Inclusive Social Engagement”.
Originally, Venerable Zinai from Taiwan and Dr. Sulak Sivaraksa from Thailand were scheduled to attend, but they couldn’t due to flight cancellations caused by a cyclone. As a result, Sunim gave an hour-long keynote speech. First, Sunim greeted the participants.
“Today, I would like to speak to you about the Buddhist heritage that was passed down to me here in India. First, as a Buddhist, I inherited the teachings of the Buddha as a legacy here in India. Second, as a Mahayana Buddhist, I inherited the legacy of Nagarjuna, who was born here in South India and systematized Mahayana Buddhism. Third, Bodhidharma, who originated from South India, is the founder of Zen Buddhism. As a Zen Buddhist, I inherited Bodhidharma’s teachings as a legacy. Because I inherited these three legacies, I am who I am today, and I was able to visit Chennai. I thank the INEB officials for inviting me.”
Then, Sunim began the main part of his speech. The lecture was conducted in a Q&A format, with Anchalee, an INEB executive committee member, asking questions and Sunim answering. First, Anchalee asked Sunim a question.
Why Is Engaged Buddhism Important in Modern Society?
“When we study Buddhism, there are three approaches. First, there is a religious approach where we say we believe in Buddhism. When we believe in the Buddha, the Buddha at that time is a very absolute and abstract being like a god. When we say we believe in the Buddha, there is no meaning of Buddha as a historical and social being. Second, there is a philosophical approach where we study Buddha Dharma. At this time, we mainly study Buddhist philosophy.
Third, there is an approach to study the life of the Buddha. Since the Buddha actually lived in society and history, we come to understand the Buddha as a social and historical being. The Buddha lived as a human being in the world for 45 years, teaching from the time he attained enlightenment until he entered nirvana. Even the Buddha, who had attained nirvana without suffering, had to eat, wear clothes, and sleep. He met not only people who respected him but also those who criticized him. The society in which the Buddha lived had many wars, just like today. There was also severe discrimination. The most representative forms of discrimination were the caste system, which discriminated against people based on their social status, and gender discrimination. There was even a time when a mother, grieving over her dead baby, came to the Buddha with the dead child in her arms to plead. Even during the Buddha’s lifetime, there was an incident where Kapilavastu, the country where the Buddha was born, was attacked by the Kosala kingdom, resulting in the near annihilation of the Shakya clan. If we properly understand how the Buddha dealt with these events, Buddhism naturally regains its social and historic nature
How to Restore the Social and Historic Nature of Buddhism
Let me give you an example. India was colonized by Britain. Many people fought to gain independence from British rule. So what kind of society does India become after gaining independence from Britain? From the perspective of the ruling class, it’s an independent society. However, from the perspective of the ruled class, even in the new India that has gained independence from Britain, there still exists an upper caste that rules over them, and they are still governed by them. From the perspective of the Dalit class, what difference does it make whether independence has been achieved or not? There is no difference at all. For them, true independence means not only independence from Britain but also liberation from the caste system. This was the reality of Indian society at that time facing such issues. While Mahatma Gandhi was great, this is precisely the difference in the awareness of issues between Mahatma Gandhi and Ambedkar.
What was it like during Buddha’s time? When Buddha lived in the palace, he had little social awareness. However, when he ventured outside the palace, Buddha saw the reality of life. He witnessed birds pecking at insects, farmers beating oxen while working, and the extreme poverty of farmers caused by excessive exploitation by their masters. The question that arose in Buddha’s mind at that time was, “Why must one die for another to live?” He began to wonder, “Is there a way for everyone to be happy together?” It was because he started to feel this sense of social consciousness that Gautama Siddhartha was able to approach the world of truth. When one renounces the world, they make a personal decision to abandon family, status, and wealth. However, there are people who cannot make such decisions for themselves – the slaves who have masters. Slaves cannot decide their own lives as they wish. Also, in society at that time, men played the role of masters over women, so women could not make decisions about their own lives either. The fact that Buddha allowed slaves to renounce the world means that he recognized them as their own masters. Accepting women’s renunciation means acknowledging that women can exist independently without men. In this way, Buddha transcended the most rigid caste and gender discrimination of his time through his life practices.
Why Buddhism Ceased to Engage in Social Practice
I believe the main reason why social practice does not emerge from Buddhists today is that they have not studied how Buddha lived for 45 years. Buddhists are only engaged in religious acts of believing in Buddha or academic research on Buddha’s teachings, which is why practical Buddhism does not emerge. I teach Jungto Society members that the most important thing is to understand how Buddha, as a human being, responded to various social issues during his 45 years of life. Let me give you an example. Buddha’s father was from the Shakya clan, and his mother was from the Koliya clan. The Rohini River flowed between the two countries. One year, during a severe drought, the two clans fought over the water from the Rohini River. What started as a conflict between residents escalated to the point where armies were about to go to war. This was an issue involving his own relatives that even a practitioner could not ignore, so Buddha went to the scene of the conflict. He asked them:
“Which is more important, water or blood?”
They replied, “How can you compare insignificant water to precious blood? Of course, blood is more valuable.” Buddha then said:
“Then why are you about to shed precious blood like water for that insignificant water?”
This is how Buddha concretely resolved conflicts. In the Korean Peninsula where I live, the same ethnic group is now on the brink of war between North and South. As disciples following Buddha’s teachings, our task must be to find ways to peacefully resolve the conflict between North and South Korea.
My answer to your question is as follows. First, I hope you will study the life of the Buddha more deeply. This is because all of Buddhism’s social practices are contained within it. Second, we face many social issues today. The question is from what perspective we will approach today’s reality. If the Buddha were to come to this world again, how would he approach environmental and peace issues? I believe that engaged Buddhism is not just a new form of Buddhism or a part of Buddhism, but the very essence of Buddhism. In other words, instead of asking, “How should Buddhists participate in solving social problems?”, Buddhists should naturally participate in solving social problems. Some people ask me, “Why do you engage in environmental activism?” To this, I respond:
“I breathe, I drink water, and I eat food. How can I not engage in environmental activism when the things essential for my survival are being polluted and destroyed?”
Others ask, “Why do you engage in peace activism?” To this, I answer:
“If war breaks out, I could be hit by a bomb, and the temple where I live could be destroyed.”
In fact, many temples were destroyed during the Korean War. So, the issue of peace is not something we can ignore; it’s our own problem. I don’t think that Buddhism, practice, and social engagement are separate. I believe that our life itself is practice and social engagement.”
As Sunim finished his answer, the audiences gave a big round of applause
Then, Anchalee asked the second question.
What Drives Sunim’s Continuous Engagement?
“I grew up in the countryside. So, I farmed when I was young. Also, because we didn’t have a car, I walked long distances. When I was young, food was very scarce. When my parents bought me shoes for holidays, I would walk barefoot to school to save them, only putting them on at the school entrance. Thanks to these experiences, I don’t feel any difficulties when I travel around the world.
Taking a plane is more comfortable than taking a train or bus. Taking a bus is more comfortable than riding in a truck. Riding in a truck is more comfortable than walking. When I was young, my wish was to ride in the back of a truck when one passed by. So, I think riding in any vehicle is better than walking. Also, people in the countryside don’t just walk; they walk carrying heavy loads. So, what’s so difficult about walking without any load?
People ask me if it’s not tiring to take multiple connecting flights instead of direct ones, but it’s not tiring at all. If you go to the airport, you’ll find that the bathrooms are very well-maintained, there’s air conditioning and heating, and you can even take a shower. With all these facilities available, what’s so difficult about staying at an airport?
No matter how much work I do, it’s still much easier than the lives of farmers in rural areas. It’s also easier than the work of laborers. In a broader perspective, more than half of the world’s population lives in much more difficult conditions than I do. So how can I consider my work difficult? The Buddha always ate food given to him by others, but I eat better than that. Whatever clothes I wear, they are better than the patchwork robes the Buddha wore. Even if I sleep in this hall, it’s far better than sleeping under a tree as the Buddha did. Given that I’m in much better conditions than the Buddha, shouldn’t I refrain from complaining about my life?
When you read the scriptures, you’ll find that even the Buddha faced much criticism. If such an admirable figure as the Buddha was criticized, it’s only natural that someone like me, with my imperfections, would face criticism. I’m not living this life because of any special practice. I’m just living my daily life, like a farmer tending to crops, a laborer working every day, or an office worker going to work. Moreover, I think I’m in a much easier position to engage in social practice than most people because I don’t have children or a wife. I don’t live this way through any special practice. I simply enjoy my daily life as if it were play.
From this point on, Sunim took questions freely from the audience. Anyone could raise their hand and ask Sunim about their concerns. Three people raised their hands and engaged in a dialogue with Sunim. The first questioner asked about the cries of marginalized people and those who criticize them.”
How Should We View Those Who Criticize the Outcry of Marginalized People?
“When they criticize like that, you can simply respond, ‘Yes, that’s right.’ If the existing order is flawed, shouldn’t we improve it? To improve the existing order, we need to resist it. What’s wrong with that? Don’t minorities need to shout for people to recognize their existence? They’re raising their voices to be acknowledged. When you injure your leg, you feel pain, right? You need to feel that pain to realize your leg is injured so you can treat it.
When they criticize, you can say, ‘We want to let the world know we exist too,’ or ‘We want to change the flawed order.’ Look at dogs, for instance. When you see dogs playing, some have white fur, some yellow, some black. There are female dogs and male dogs. But do dogs discriminate against each other based on fur color or gender when they play? So why do humans discriminate based on skin color and gender? This doesn’t align with nature’s principles. Shouldn’t humans be better than animals? Even animals don’t discriminate. Discriminating is not just animal-like behavior; it’s worse than animal behavior. There’s no reason to hesitate in pointing out such behavior.”
The questions continued. The last questioner sought advice on what role grassroots citizens can play in preventing war and maintaining peace, given that these issues are largely controlled by the powerful in major nations.
What Can We Do to Prevent War and Keep the Peace?
“Peace issues arise from relationships between nations, making it very difficult for civilians to play a role. That’s why the activities I’m conducting through the Peace Foundation I established focus on three main areas.
First, Sunim visits the White House, the U.S. presidential office, or the U.S. Congress to convey the opinions of the Korean people, not those of the Korean government. He also makes proposals to both the South Korean and North Korean governments. As he speaks as a private citizen, the impact may not be significant. However, there have been notable achievements, such as in 2005 when a compromise proposal he suggested led to a dramatic resolution during the Six-Party Talks involving South Korea, North Korea, and the four major powers.
Second, Sunim organizes large public gatherings. In 2017, when the threat of war on the Korean Peninsula was escalating, 15,000 people gathered in a plaza to protest against war and appeal for peace. On June 13th of last year, 10,000 people assembled to call for peace on the Korean Peninsula. These mass gatherings are another method used to advocate for peace.
Third, there’s a method of finding and persuading key figures in the Korean government. This approach requires a certain level of political influence within Korea to be effective, so we collaborate with leaders from other religions and social leaders. However, it’s true that the impact of such activities is very limited. But if this is all we can do, we must do it. We can’t just sit idle, can we?”
Everyone applauded Sunim’s wise response.
After the public symposium, all participants gathered for a group photo.
Sunim exchanged farewells with the participants. Gautam and Harsha requested to meet with Sunim and Indian political leaders in January next year. Sunim agreed to consider it positively and left the venue.
At 11 o’clock, Sunim departed for Chennai Airport. After a 20-minute drive, Sunim arrived at the airport, checked in our luggage, and completed departure procedures.
After completing departure procedures, Sunim had lunch at the airport and departed from Chennai Airport at 2:50 PM. Sunim was worried that the cyclone might delay our departure significantly, but fortunately, it was only delayed by an hour, and Sunim took off safely.
The plane traveled for 2 hours and 40 minutes and arrived at Dhaka Airport in Bangladesh at 6 PM local time.
After completing immigration procedures and collecting our luggage, we exited the airport where Mr. Yu Young-hoon from the UNHCR Dhaka office, Ms. Kim Saeryo, UNHCR Representative in Korea, and Ms. Yu Hye-jung, Head of Private Partnership Team, warmly welcomed Sunim.
Sunim immediately moved to a restaurant and had dinner with UNHCR staff while engaging in conversation. There was much discussion about global cooperation for solving refugee issues, refugee policies in Korea, and ways JTS and UNHCR could collaborate.
The UNHCR staff highly appreciated JTS’s frugal and efficient approach to relief work. Sunim explained JTS’s support principles.
JTS’s Principles for Relief Activities
“When JTS purchases items in bulk, we put in a lot of effort to buy them at prices much lower than market rates. For example, when we supported gas stoves for the Rohingya refugee camp, we negotiated to purchase the first 100,000 units from a factory in China at less than half the market price. For the second 100,000 units, we were required to use products made in Bangladesh, so we searched the Dhaka area and negotiated to purchase them at a low price. Even when buying soap this time, JTS representative Park Gena made great efforts to purchase good products at affordable prices.
Next week, we’re also completing 10 schools in Mindanao, Philippines. We signed an MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) with four parties: the local government, education office, residents, and JTS. The residents provide labor, the local government provides technicians, the education office is responsible for dispatching teachers and operating the school, and JTS provides all necessary materials and school supplies. If we calculate the ratio based on financial burden, it’s about 70:30 between JTS and local organizations. Labor costs are quite low locally. We always ensure local residents participate in this way, rather than JTS providing unilateral support.
In Bhutan, we’re also doing village development. Recently, we connected a 7km water pipe from a mountain spring to a village. If the villagers agree to provide all the labor, JTS provides the necessary materials. This requires prior meetings with residents to discuss and agree on this approach. During these meetings, I ask the residents:
‘If you want immediate improvement, you need to do the construction yourselves. If you want the government to do it, you can wait 5 or 10 years. What do you want to do?’
When asked like this, most people respond that they will take care of their own village’s work. Of course, the school we built in Syria was too large for residents to build. In that case, a local organization called White Helmets had heavy equipment, so they took charge of demolishing collapsed buildings and constructing new ones. This allowed us to save a lot on construction costs.”
The UNHCR staff showed great interest in the sustainable development Sunim is doing. Sunim explained in detail the methods, support principles, and evaluation criteria for sustainable development that JTS is implementing in Bhutan.
The Rohingya Refugee Issue Is a Challenge for All of Us
They then discussed the famine caused by the civil war in Myanmar, ways to solve the Rohingya refugee problem, and the issue of children’s education in Rohingya refugee camps. The UNHCR Representative in Korea suggested that it would be beneficial if Sunim participated in the Global Refugee Forum, where governments and private organizations come together to address the Rohingya refugee issue, and shared important messages.
“At UNHCR, we hold a Global Refugee Forum once every four years for countries and various stakeholders to share responsibilities for refugees. If Venerable Pomnyun Sunim could voice his opinions at such a forum, it could have a significant impact on resolving the Rohingya refugee issue.”
Sunim shared his thoughts on how to solve the Rohingya refugee problem.
“As Bangladesh’s economy continues to grow, there will soon be a shortage of labor. We need to persuade them that the Rohingya refugees are not just a burden but can be an enormous asset in terms of labor force. I’ve been educating children in an untouchable village in India for 30 years by building schools, and even in that poorest village in India, the birth rate has started to decrease. We’re already seeing a decline in elementary school enrollment. As more young people receive school education, they tend to have fewer children. So we no longer need to build more schools. Especially in Bangladesh, with its high economic growth rate, labor shortages will soon appear.”
“You’re right, Sunim. As Bangladesh’s economy grows, the public’s antipathy towards refugees will decrease. However, the residents of Cox’s Bazar area are still very poor. That’s why there’s still strong resentment towards the Rohingya refugees.”
“That’s why I’m thinking now that if the Indian government could provide some economic support to Bangladesh while persuading them to accept some Rohingya refugees, it might work. India’s economy has grown a lot recently, and they’re supporting neighboring countries like Bhutan. So my proposed solution is for someone to persuade the Bangladesh government to give temporary residency to the Rohingya refugees so they can support themselves. Instead of constantly viewing the refugees as a burden, if the Bangladesh government radically changes its perspective and sees them as an important labor resource, a solution could emerge. This would also allow us to provide basic education to the children living in Rohingya refugee camps. To turn the children into a labor resource, we need to educate them. Keeping people confined in refugee camps like this is not desirable. It’s a human tragedy to have a million people living like animals in an enclosure. What saddens me most is that the children are not receiving any education.”
Sunim introduced various issues JTS is supporting, such as literacy eradication for Syrian refugees and flood relief in Pakistan, and exchanged opinions on various matters. At the end of the conversation, the UNHCR Representative in Korea asked Sunim to take an interest in improving Korean people’s awareness of refugees.
“That’s not easy. People need direct experience of seeing and hearing, but Korean citizens can’t meet refugees directly.”
“Sunim, you have so much experience meeting and interacting with refugees. It would be great if you could share many stories about refugees with the Korean people. I believe that ripple effect will bring about significant changes later.”
“Yes, I will do that.”
Two hours passed quickly in conversation. After 9 PM, Sunim concluded the discussion and moved to the accommodation.
At 11 PM, JTS representative Park Gena and the secretary-general, who had departed from Korea to attend tomorrow’s soap delivery ceremony at the Rohingya refugee camp, arrived at the accommodation. After greeting each other, Sunim concluded the day’s schedule.
Tomorrow, we plan to depart from Dhaka Airport, arrive at Cox’s Bazar Airport, and then move to the Rohingya refugee camp for the ceremony to deliver 6.36 million bars of soap.
